In recent years when some still debated whether climate change is real or not, preparing our assets and cities for the effects of climate change was not a priority. This changed with Hurricane Sandy nearly a year ago, as there was universal agreement that its particular ferocity was contributed to by climate change and that “100-year” storms will happen more frequently and their costs are so high. Now in the US, Climate Change has been accepted as real. Adaptation – or how we change our ways and our buildings to minimize climate change impacts – is now an area of study. How can we lessen the impacts of a greater frequency of huge, short-term rain flows that would overwhelm stormwater infrastructure (not designed for such frequent occurrences), high winds, more frost/thaw cycles, and extreme hot temperatures?
Four major reports about climate change adaptation have been published recently from the cities of New York, Boston, London, and Toronto. They emphasize that cities and buildings must recognize Climate Change effects and prepare for them intelligently to save money and lives. The New York City report lists the following recommendations to be more resilient in the face of Sandy and future Climate Change impacts:
• Improve flood resiliency regulations for new buildings in the 100-year flood plain;
• Rebuild and repair housing units destroyed or substantially damaged by Sandy;
• Implement zoning changes to encourage construction of new resilient buildings in the 100-year flood plain;
• Encourage development of new housing types to replace vulnerable stock;
• Encourage home buyouts in areas that could be hit hard by future megastorms;
• Amend the Building Code to improve wind resiliency for new buildings;
• Develop requirements/incentives for buildings to adopt flood resiliency measures;
• Establish community design centers to assist developers in implementing the most effective new technologies in building design;
• Develop a sales tax abatement program for flood resiliency in industrial buildings;
• Launch a competition to increase flood resilience in building systems;
• Update regulations allowing retrofitting of vulnerable landmarked structures;
• Amend the Building Code to improve wind resiliency of existing buildings;
• Amend the Construction Codes, develop best practices for utility infrastructure.
The Boston report contains recommendations for site and building upgrades for stronger buildings, backup power, essential safety, and better planning. A list of recommended building upgrades to lessen the impacts of Climate Change is as follows:
• Evaluate vulnerability and risk. Where may flooding or wind damage take place? Use new flood and Climate Change data to plan and potentially change escape routes; create safe, sheltered areas of refuge.
• Build sites for higher rain flows. To reduce the impacts of more frequent flooding:
o Investigate and implement hard infrastructure, such as enlarged drainage pipes, levees, sandbags, floodwalls, and gates; and
o Soft infrastructure, such as wetlands and rain gardens appropriate for local climate for long life, to require less irrigation and absorb more rain.
o Use pervious pavement (such as porous asphalt, rubberized asphalt, pervious concrete) on sidewalks and parking lots.
o Implement catch basins to store water for non-potable (landscaping) use.
o Develop surface or sub-surface retention ponds, and release the water to the stormwater system after each extreme rain event.
o Build grassy swales along roadsides to enhance groundwater infiltration.
• Floodproof buildings themselves.
o Elevate building or at least key components (electrical switches, stored fuels, toxic compounds, boiler, potable water, etc.) above the design flood elevation revised for Climate Change-related increases in rainfall.
o Seal exterior walls.
o If there are still vulnerable areas, create a corridor for water to be led away from key service components and exit. Secure items (equipment, tanks) that can be moved by flood waters and physically damage a building.
o Install back-water valves and sump pumps on sewer connections to provide protection against flooding and damage from sanitary sewers.
• Stabilize slopes vulnerable to erosion.
o Use sloping or grading techniques or plant vegetation to stabilize slope.
o Plant trees or other vegetation near coast to absorb wind and floods.
o Confine water overflow into a drainpipe or through an approved discharge point such as a drainage ditch, drywell, gutter, or drainage holding pond.
• Develop “cool” areas. To address an increasing number of extreme heat days,
o Use light-colored (high albedo) paving to reflect more solar radiation.
o Plant vegetation on roofs or trees next to buildings will create shade and reduce extreme heat island effects and extreme temperatures, as well, and even reduce air conditioning costs. If possible, shade walls with vines, shrubs and AC condenser units for better performance.
• Design and install enhanced backup power. This should include enhanced lighting systems during emergencies.
• Wind damage.
o Address unsecured outdoor items that could become deadly missiles in a high wind situation, such as propane tanks and yard items.
o Prune vegetation so that sick or dead limbs do not become windblown.
o Install covers, shutters, reinforcement, or protection of doors and windows.
• Design and install resilient HVAC and water systems. Raise and insulate them.
• Enhanced building structure. Ensure roof can hold larger quantities of rainwater or snow/ice, building foundations are sound, and strengthen structural frames.
• Develop enhanced emergency plans. Coordinate with local rescue groups. Know your vulnerable populations and their needs during an emergency.
These are all matters that your company should look into to lessen the damage, both in terms of lives lost and cost, of future storms or extreme weather events which will likely be more frequent. Such smart planning will not guarantee no damage, but will save your company not only money, but enable it to continue operating and servicing customers.
CCES has the technical experts to help you prepare for potential disasters and emergencies. We can help you evaluate these items and work with specialists to properly implement the upgrades you decide. Contact us today.
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